1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds and their use in treating cancer

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a family of 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds and methods for their use as therapeutic agents in treating cancer. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of making the 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds are provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/170,176, filed Apr. 17, 2009, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds, and their therapeutic use. In particular, the invention relates to 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds bearing a heterocyclic group at the C5-position, and methods of using such compounds as therapeutic agents to treat cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer is a significant health problem throughout the world. Significant resources have been devoted to seeking cures for cancer resulting in important advances in the detection and treatment of cancer. However, there is significant need for new therapeutic agents having increased efficacy and reduced side effects. Current therapies, many of which involve a combination of chemotherapy or surgery and radiation, are inadequate for many patients. One of the early cancer chemotherapy drugs was the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (Endoxan®), which is an oxazaphosphorin pro-drug activated preferentially in a tumor. The target of alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide is DNA and the concept, that cancer cells with uncontrolled proliferation and a high mitotic index are killed preferentially, has been confirmed. Historically, cancers have been linked to genetic changes caused by chromosomal mutations within the DNA. Mutations, hereditary or acquired, can lead to a loss of gene expression critical for maintaining a healthy state.

Many standard cancer chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells upon induction of programmed cell death (“apoptosis”) by targeting basic cellular processes and molecules. These basic cellular processes and molecules include RNA/DNA (alkylating and carbamylating agents, platin analogs and topoisomerase inhibitors), metabolism (drugs of this class are named anti-metabolites and examples are folic acid, purine and pyrimidine antagonists) as well as the mitotic spindle apparatus with α,β-tubulin heterodimers as the essential component (drugs are categorized into stabilizing and destabilizing tubulin inhibitors; examples are Taxol/Paclitaxel®, Docetaxel/Taxotere® and vinca alkaloids). Yet agents such as these are insufficient treatments, as evidenced by the following statistics for breast, prostrate, and lung cancer, for example.

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer among males, with an estimated incidence of 30% in men over the age of 50. Moreover, clinical evidence indicates that human prostate cancer has the propensity to metastasize to bone, and the disease appears to progress inevitably from androgen dependent to androgen refractory status, leading to increased patient mortality. This prevalent disease is one of the leading causes of cancer death among men in the United States.

The incidence of breast cancer, a leading cause of death in women, has been gradually increasing in the United States over the last thirty years. Its cumulative risk is relatively high; certain reports indicate that approximately one in eight women are expected to develop some type of breast cancer by age 85 in the United States. In fact, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and still remains a leading cause of cancer death in the United States.

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80% of these cases. Attempts to use serum protein markers for the early diagnosis of lung cancer have not yielded satisfactory results for routine screening, and newly developed early diagnostic methods using serum DNA as a diagnostic marker await further validation. Moreover, current therapeutic measures are frequently unable to lower the mortality rate of late-stage lung cancer patients. Of the current therapeutic measures, surgical resection is the best cure currently available for early-stage patients. However, a large portion of early-stage patients, defined by the current staging system and available imaging modalities, still develop distant metastases even after surgical removal of the tumor mass.

In view of the foregoing, the need exists for more effective compositions and methods for treating cancers of all types, including prostrate, breast, and lung cancers, as well as colon cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, renal cancer, melanoma and central nervous system cancer. The present invention addresses this need and has other related advantages.

SUMMARY

The invention provides 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for treating cancer using such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions. In one aspect, the invention provides a compound represented by Formula I or II, wherein the variables are as defined in the detailed description below:

Another aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, such as a compound of I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, II, or III, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for a particular mode of administration, such as topical or parenteral administration.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a subject suffering from cancer. The method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds described herein. The compounds described herein are contemplated to have activity in treating a variety of cancers. For example, the compounds described herein are contemplated to have activity in treating breast cancer, colon cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, melanoma, cancer of the central nervous system tissue, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, thyroid cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, cutaneous B-Cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma.

In certain embodiments, the compound administered is embraced by formulae I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, II, or III, as described herein. In certain other embodiments, the compound is one of the compounds listed in Tables 1-6 herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods for treating cancer using such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of organic chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry, and immunology. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature, such as “Comprehensive Organic Synthesis” (B. M. Trost & I. Fleming, eds., 1991-1992); “Handbook of experimental immunology” (D. M. Weir & C. C. Blackwell, eds.); “Gene transfer vectors for mammalian cells” (J. M. Miller & M. P. Calos, eds., 1987); “Current protocols in molecular biology” (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987, and periodic updates); “PCR: the polymerase chain reaction” (Mullis et al., eds., 1994); and “Current protocols in immunology” (J. E. Coligan et al., eds., 1991), each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

DEFINITIONS

To facilitate an understanding of the present invention, a number of terms and phrases are defined below.

The term “alkyl” is art-recognized, and includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl groups, branched-chain alkyl groups, cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has about 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₁-C₃₀ for straight chain, C₃-C₃₀ for branched chain), and alternatively, about 20 or fewer. In certain other embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 1 to 6 carbon atoms in its backbone. Likewise, cycloalkyls have from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and alternatively about 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. Unless specified otherwise, alkyl groups are optionally substituted with halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, or amino. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted. Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, etc.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with at least one halogen. For example, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₃, and the like.

The term “alkylene” as used herein refers a straight or branched, saturated aliphatic, divalent radical. Exemplary alkylene groups include methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), trimethylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and the like.

The term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.

The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.

The terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” are art-recognized and refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively. Exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, 4-methyl-1-butynyl, 4-propyl-2-pentynyl, and 4-butyl-2-hexynyl, etc. The term “cycloalkenyl” is art-recognized and refers to cyclic aliphatic group containing at least 1 C—C double bond. Unless specified otherwise, cycloalkenyl groups are optionally substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, or amino. In certain embodiments, the cycloalkenyl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted. Exemplary cycloalkenyl groups include cyclohexenyl and cyclopentenyl.

The term “aryl” is art-recognized and refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group. Representative aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like. Unless specified otherwise, the aromatic ring is substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, carboxylic acid, —C(O)alkyl, —CO₂alkyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamide, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl moieties, —CF₃, —CN, or the like. The term “aryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more carbocyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, and/or aryls. The term “haloaryl” refers to an aryl group that is substituted with at least one halogen. In certain embodiments, the aromatic ring is substituted with halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, or amino. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted.

The term “monocarbocyclic aryl” is art-recognized and refers to a carbocyclic, single-ring aromatic group, i.e., phenyl. Unless specified otherwise, the monocarbocyclic aryl is optionally substituted with one or two occurrences of halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, hydroxyl, amino, or acyl. In certain embodiments, the monocarbocyclic aryl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted.

The term “heteroaryl” is art-recognized and refers to aromatic groups that include at least one ring heteroatom. In certain instances, a heteroaryl group contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 ring heteroatoms. Representative examples of heteroaryl groups includes pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and the like. Unless specified otherwise, the heteroaryl ring is substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, carboxylic acid, —C(O)alkyl, —CO₂alkyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamide, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl moieties, —CF₃, —CN, or the like. The term “heteroaryl” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, and/or aryls. In certain embodiments, the heteroaromatic ring is substituted with halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, or amino. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted.

The terms ortho, meta and para are art-recognized and refer to 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-disubstituted benzenes, respectively. For example, the names 1,2-dimethylbenzene and ortho-dimethylbenzene are synonymous.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclic” represents, for example, an aromatic or nonaromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms. The heteroatoms can be the same or different from each other. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Aromatic and nonaromatic heterocyclic rings are well-known in the art. Some nonlimiting examples of aromatic heterocyclic rings include pyridine, pyrimidine, indole, purine, quinoline and isoquinoline. Nonlimiting examples of nonaromatic heterocyclic compounds include piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, pyrrolidine and pyrazolidine. Examples of oxygen containing heterocyclic rings include, but not limited to furan, oxirane, 2H-pyran, 4H-pyran, 2H-chromene, and benzofuran. Examples of sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, thiophene, benzothiophene, and parathiazine. Examples of nitrogen containing rings include, but not limited to, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrazine, piperazine, pyrimidine, indole, purine, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, triazole, and triazine. Examples of heterocyclic rings containing two different heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, phenothiazine, morpholine, parathiazine, oxazine, oxazole, thiazine, and thiazole. Unless specified otherwise, the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, carboxylic acid, —C(O)alkyl, —CO₂alkyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamide, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl moieties, —CF₃, —CN, or the like.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” is art-recognized and refers to a saturated cyclic aliphatic group containing at least one N, O, or S ring atom. The term “heterocycloalkyl” also includes bicyclic ring systems in which two or more atoms are common to two adjoining rings, where both rings are saturated and at least one of the rings contains a N, O, or S ring atom. Unless specified otherwise, heterocycloalkyl groups are substituted with 1, 2, or 3, substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, amino, and —C(O)alkyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group is substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxyl, amino, and —C(O)alkyl. In certain embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted.

The symbol “*” indicates a point of attachment. For example, the symbol “*” in the following structure indicates that the point of attachment is the nitrogen atom:

The term “quinolinyl” is art-recognized and refers to a ten-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic group having the formula:

The term “quinazolinyl” is art-recognized and refers to a ten-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic group having the formula:

The term “quinoxalinyl” is art-recognized and refers to a ten-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic group having the formula:

The term “naphthyridinyl” is art-recognized and refers a ten-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic having one nitrogen atom in each ring of the bicyclic ring system. Exemplary naphthyridinyl groups include:

Unless specified otherwise, the quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and naphthyridinyl groups are optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, —C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl, —CO₂—C₁-C₆alkyl, —C(O)N(C₁-C₆alkyl)₂, —C(O)N(H)(C₁-C₆alkyl), or —C(O)NH₂. In certain embodiments, the quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and naphthyridinyl groups are optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, or amino.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that may be represented by the general formulas:

wherein R⁵⁰, R⁵¹ and R⁵² each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R⁶¹, or R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹, taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure; R⁶¹ represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycle or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8. In certain embodiments, only one of R⁵⁰ or R⁵¹ may be a carbonyl, e.g., R⁵⁰, R⁵¹ and the nitrogen together do not form an imide. In other embodiments, R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ (and optionally R⁵²) each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or —(CH₂)_(m)—R⁶¹. Thus, the term “alkylamine” includes an amine group, as defined above, having a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl attached thereto, i.e., at least one of R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ is an alkyl group. In certain embodiments, R⁵⁰, R⁵¹ and R⁵² each independently represent hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy” are art-recognized and refer to an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto. Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as may be represented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(CH₂)_(m)—R61, where m and R61 are described above.

The term “oxo” refers to a “O═” substituent. For example, a cyclohexanone is a cyclohexane bearing an oxo group.

The term “ketal” refers to a “—O—(CH₂)_(n)—O—” substituent where n is 1, 2, or 3, and both oxygen atoms are attached to the same carbon atom. For example, a ketal (where n is 2) of cyclohexane is shown below:

Certain compounds contained in compositions of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

The term “EC₅₀” is art-recognized and refers to the concentration of a compound at which 50% of its maximal effect is observed.

The terms “individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are used interchangeably and include any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans. The compounds of the invention can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also be other mammals such as an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound (e.g., a compound of the present invention) sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages and is not intended to be limited to a particular formulation or administration route. As used herein, the term “treating” includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, ameliorating or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder, and the like, or ameliorating a symptom thereof.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to the combination of an active agent with a carrier, inert or active, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo or ex vivo.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., acid or base) of a compound of the present invention which, upon administration to a subject, is capable of providing a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof. As is known to those of skill in the art, “salts” of the compounds of the present invention may be derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases. Examples of acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycolic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic acid, and the like. Other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.

Examples of bases include, but are not limited to, alkali metals (e.g., sodium) hydroxides, alkaline earth metals (e.g., magnesium), hydroxides, ammonia, and compounds of formula NW₄ ⁺, wherein W is C₁₋₄ alkyl, and the like.

Examples of salts include, but are not limited to: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, flucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate, undecanoate, and the like. Other examples of salts include anions of the compounds of the present invention compounded with a suitable cation such as Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, and NW₄ ⁺ (wherein W is a C₁₋₄ alkyl group), and the like.

For therapeutic use, salts of the compounds of the present invention are contemplated as being pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of acids and bases that are non-pharmaceutically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a pharmaceutically acceptable compound.

The compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers, such as geometric isomers, enantiomers or diastereomers. The term “stereoisomers” when used herein consist of all geometric isomers, enantiomers or diastereomers. These compounds may be designated by the symbols “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the stereogenic carbon atom. The present invention encompasses various stereoisomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers. Mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers may be designated “(±)” in nomenclature, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.

Individual stereoisomers of compounds of the present invention can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or stereogenic centers, or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary, (2) salt formation employing an optically active resolving agent, or (3) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns. Stereoisomeric mixtures can also be resolved into their component stereoisomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase gas chromatography, chiral-phase high performance liquid chromatography, crystallizing the compound as a chiral salt complex, or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent. Stereoisomers can also be obtained from stereomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well known asymmetric synthetic methods.

Geometric isomers can also exist in the compounds of the present invention. The symbol

denotes a bond that may be a single, double or triple bond as described herein. The present invention encompasses the various geometric isomers and mixtures thereof resulting from the arrangement of substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond or arrangement of substituents around a carbocyclic ring. Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond are designated as being in the “Z” or “E” configuration wherein the terms “Z” and “E” are used in accordance with IUPAC standards. Unless otherwise specified, structures depicting double bonds encompass both the “E” and “Z” isomers.

Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond alternatively can be referred to as “cis” or “trans,” where “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the double bond and “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the double bond. The arrangement of substituents around a carbocyclic ring are designated as “cis” or “trans.” The term “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the plane of the ring and the term “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the plane of the ring. Mixtures of compounds wherein the substituents are disposed on both the same and opposite sides of plane of the ring are designated “cis/trans.”

As a general matter, compositions specifying a percentage are by weight unless otherwise specified. Further, if a variable is not accompanied by a definition, then the previous definition of the variable controls.

I. 1,4-Benzodiazepinone Compounds

One aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula I:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein:

R₁ is halogen;

R₂ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl;

R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, —S(O)R₅, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —SO₂N(R₆)C(O)R₅, —N(R₆)SO₂R₅, —CN, —C(O)R₅, —CO₂R₅, —C(O)N(R₆)₂, —N(R₆)C(O)R₅, and monocarbocyclic aryl;

quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, or naphthyridinyl; or R₄ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with:

(i) a substituent selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ cycloalkenyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, oxo, ketal, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁, —C₁-C₆alkylene-OH, —OC(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —OC(O)R₅, —N(R₆)SO₂R₁₀, —SO₂R₁₀, —SO₂N(R₁₀)₂, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, —N(R₂)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, and —OPO₃H₂; and

(ii) a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, and hydroxyl;

R₅ represents independently for each occurrence C₁-C₆alkyl;

R₆ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, or two occurrences of R₆ attached to the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen atom to form a C₃-C₇ heterocycloalkyl;

R₇ is C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, halogen, amino, —N(R₆)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R₁₂, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, or —N(R₂)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl;

R₈ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, or C₁-C₆alkoxy;

R₉ represents independently for each occurrence halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁, —OC(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₆)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R₁₂, or —C₁-C₆alkylene-N(R₂)C(O)—C₁-C₆-alkyl;

R₁₀ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl, or two occurrences of R₁₀ attached to the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen atom to form a C₃-C₇ heterocycloalkyl;

R₁₁ represents independently for each occurrence C₁-C₆alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl;

R₁₂ represents independently for each occurrence —OR₂, —N(R₂)₂, —OC(O)R₁₁, or —N(R₂)C(O)R₁₁;

n is 1 or 2;

m is 0, 1, or 2; and

the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula I is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is chloro. In certain embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₂ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain embodiments, R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —N(R₆)SO₂R₅, —CN, —C(O)R₅, —CO₂R₅, —C(O)N(R₆)₂, —N(R₆)C(O)R₅, and monocarbocyclic aryl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —CN, and monocarbocyclic aryl.

In certain other embodiments, R₃ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —CN, and monocarbocyclic aryl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —CN, and phenyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₃ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, and propyl.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is

quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, or naphthyridinyl. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is

In certain embodiments, R₄ is

In certain other embodiments, R₇ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, amino, or —N(R₆)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R₁₂. In certain other embodiments, R₇ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₇ is aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, azepanyl, pyrazolidinyl, or imidazolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, and —C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₇ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, and —C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₇ is piperazinyl or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, and —C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R₇ is piperazinyl optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl or —C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₈ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is

In certain other embodiments, R₄ is

In certain other embodiments, R₄ is

In certain other embodiments, R₄ is

In certain embodiments, R₄ is

In certain embodiments, R₉ is C₁-C₆alkyl, amino, hydroxyl, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, or —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂. In certain embodiments, R₉ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain embodiments, m is 0.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is

In certain embodiments, R₉ is C₁-C₆alkyl, amino, hydroxyl, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, or —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂. In certain embodiments, m is 1.

In certain embodiments, R₄ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ cycloalkenyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, oxo, ketal, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁, —OC(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₆)SO₂R₁₀, —SO₂R₁₀, and —SO₂N(R₁₀)₂. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, oxo, ketal, —C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁, and —OC(O)N(R₁₀)₂. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, and —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, and —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, azepanyl, pyrazolidinyl, or imidazolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, and —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, pyrazolidinyl, morpholinyl, or imidazolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, and —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, and —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, and —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁. In certain other embodiments, R₄ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, hydroxyl, oxo, ketal, and —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀.

Another aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula IA:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IA) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IA) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IA) is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, or —N(R_(1-IA))C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R_(4-IA); R_(4-IA) represents independently for each occurrence —OR_(1-IA) or —OC(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl; n is 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IA is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain other embodiments, R_(2-IA) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, and propyl. In certain other embodiments, R_(3-IA) is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R_(3-IA) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, pyrazolidinyl, morpholinyl, or imidazolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, —N(H)C(O)C₁-C₆alkyl, —N(C₁-C₆alkyl)C(O)C₁-C₆alkyl, —N(H)CO₂C₁-C₆alkyl, and N(C₁-C₆alkyl)CO₂C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R_(3-IA) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, and amino. In certain other embodiments, R_(3-IA) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, and amino. In certain other embodiments, R_(3-IA) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or propyl.

Another aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula IB:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IB) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IB) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IB) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, and oxo; n is 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IB is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, R_(2-IB) is phenyl substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; and R_(3-IB) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl. In certain embodiments, R_(3-IB) is piperidinyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, and oxo.

Another aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula IC:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IC) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IC) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IC) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; m and n are independently 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IC is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, R_(2-IC) is naphthyl; or R_(2-IC) is phenyl substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain embodiments, n is 1, and R_(3-IC) is hydrogen.

Another aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula ID:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-ID) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-ID) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-ID) represents independently for each occurrence monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, or —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀; n and m are independently 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula ID is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, R_(3-ID) represents independently for each occurrence amino, oxo, ketal, or —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀. In certain embodiments, R_(2-IC) is phenyl substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.

Another aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula IE:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IE) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IE) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IE) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; n is 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IE is R, S, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, R_(2-IE) is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and phenyl. In certain embodiments, R_(2-IE) is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of chloro and fluoro. In certain embodiments, n is 1, R_(1-IE) is hydrogen, and R_(3-IE) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.

Another aspect of the invention provides a compound represented by formula II:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R₁ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence chloro, bromo, or fluoro; R₃ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, hydroxyl, amino, —N(R₁)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl, or —N(R₁)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl; m and n are independently 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula II is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, R₃ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, and amino. In certain embodiments, R₃ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or propyl.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a compound represented by formula III:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R₁ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; R₂ is

R₃ is hydroxyl, amino, —N(R₁)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, or —N(R₂)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl; R₄ represents independently for each occurrence methyl or ethyl; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula III is R, S, or a mixture thereof.

In certain other embodiments, the compound is one of the compounds listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, or 4 herein below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such compounds.

TABLE 1

Compound R₁ R₂ R₃ I-1 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-2 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-3 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-4 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-5 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-6 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-7 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-8 hydrogen 2-chlorophenyl

I-9 hydrogen 2-chlorophenyl

I-10 hydrogen 2-chlorophenyl

I-11 hydrogen 2-chlorophenyl

I-12 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-13 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-14 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-15 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-16 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-17 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-18 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-19 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-20 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-21 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-22 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-23 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-24 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-25 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-26 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-27 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-28 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-29 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-30 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

I-31 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-32 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-33 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-34 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-35 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-36 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-37 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-38 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-39 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-40 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-41 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-42 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-43 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-44 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-45 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-46 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-47 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-48 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-49 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-50 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-51 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-52 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-53 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-54 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-55 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-56 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-57 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-58 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-59 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-60 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

I-61 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-62 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-63 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-64 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-65 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-66 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-67 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-68 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-69 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-70 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-71 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-72 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-73 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-74 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-75 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-76 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-77 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-78 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-79 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-80 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-81 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-82 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-83 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-84 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-85 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-86 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-87 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-88 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-89 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-90 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

I-91 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-92 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-93 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-94 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-95 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-96 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-97 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-98 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-99 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-100 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-101 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-102 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-103 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-104 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-105 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-106 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-107 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-108 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-109 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-110 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-111 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-112 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-113 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-114 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-115 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-116 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-117 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-118 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-119 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

I-120 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

TABLE 2

Com- pound R₁ R₂ R₃ II-1 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-2 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-3 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-4 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-5 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-6 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-7 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-8 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-9 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-10 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

II-11 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-12 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-13 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-14 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-15 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-16 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-17 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-18 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-19 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-20 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

II-21 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-22 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-23 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-24 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-25 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-26 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-27 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-28 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-29 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-30 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

II-31 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-32 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-33 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-34 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-35 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-36 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-37 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-38 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-39 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-40 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

II-41 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-42 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-43 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-44 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-45 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-46 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-47 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-48 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-49 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

II-50 hydrogen naphthalen-2-ylmethyl

TABLE 3

Compound R₁ R₂ R₃ III-1 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-2 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-3 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-4 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-5 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-6 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-7 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-8 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-9 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-10 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-11 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-12 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-13 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

III-14 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-15 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-16 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-17 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-18 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-19 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-20 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-21 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-22 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-23 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-24 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-25 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-26 hydrogen 2-methylbenzyl

III-27 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-28 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-29 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-30 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-31 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-32 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-33 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-34 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-35 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-36 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-37 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-38 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-39 hydrogen 2,4-dichlorobenzyl

III-40 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-41 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-42 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-43 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-44 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-45 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-46 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-47 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-48 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-49 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-50 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-51 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

III-52 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

TABLE 4

Compound R₁ R₂ R₃ IV-1 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-2 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-3 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-4 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-5 cyclopropyl 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-6 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-7 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-8 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-9 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-10 hydrogen 2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl

IV-11 hydrogen 2-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl

IV-12 hydrogen 2-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl

IV-13 hydrogen 2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl

IV-14 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-15 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-16 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-17 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-18 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-19 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-20 hydrogen 2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl

IV-21 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-22 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-23 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-24 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-25 hydrogen 2-(N,N- dimethylsulfamoyl)benzyl

IV-26 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-27 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-28 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-29 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-30 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-31 hydrogen 2-fluorobenzyl

IV-32 hydrogen 2-fluorobenzyl

IV-33 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-34 hydrogen 2-cyanobenzyl

IV-35 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-36 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-37 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-38 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-39 hydrogen 2-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl

IV-40 methyl 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-41 —(CH₂)₂OH 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-42 cyclopropyl 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-43 —(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂ 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-44 —(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂ 2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl

IV-45 cyclopropyl 2-cyanobenzyl

IV-46 —(CH₂)₂OH 2-methylbenzyl

IV-47 —(CH₂)₂OH 2-phenylbenzyl

IV-48 Methyl 2-methylbenzyl

IV-49 hydrogen 2-phenylbenzyl

IV-50 hydrogen 2-t-butylbenzyl

IV-51 hydrogen 2-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl

IV-52 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-53 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-54 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-55 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-56 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

IV-57 hydrogen 2-chlorobenzyl

Methods for preparing 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds described herein are illustrated in the following synthetic schemes. The following schemes are given for the purpose of illustrating the invention, but not for limiting the scope or spirit of the invention. Consistent with this purpose, Scheme 1 shows methods of preparing 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds having an heteroaromatic group at the C5-position of the benzodiazepinone ring.

N-alkylation of isatoic anhydride A can be carried out by treating compound A with sodium hydride and an alkyl or benzyl halide. Reaction of compound A with a benzyl halide, such as a p-methoxybenzyl halide, can be performed to install a protecting group, while reaction of compound A with various alkyl halides, e.g., methyl iodide or ethyl iodide, can be performed to install alkyl substitution on the N1-position of the benzodiazepinone ring. Isatoic anhydride B can be converted to benzodiazepinone C upon reaction with glycine. See Indian J. Chem. Sect. B. 1985, 24, 905-907. This procedure provides benzodiazepinone C, which can be subsequently treated with POCl₃ to provide imidoyl chloride D.

A heteroaromatic group (substituent Ar₁) can be installed at the C5-position of the benzodiazepinone core by Suzuki coupling of a heteroaryl boronic acid, in accordance with procedures described by Nadin and co-workers. See J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2844-2852. The “eastern” aryl ring (substituent Ar₂) can be installed by alkylation at the C3-position of the benzodiazepinone ring. Deprotonation at C-3 using a strong base, such as potassium tert-butoxide, followed by addition of a substituted benzyl halide provides benzodiazepinone G. Benzyl halides for this reaction can be obtained commercially or prepared from the corresponding benzyl alcohol using known procedures, such as treating a benzyl alcohol with thionyl chloride. A variety of benzyl alcohols are commercially available. In addition, a variety of benzyl alcohols can be prepared using any one of the following methods: i) reduction of a commercially available carboxylic acid (e.g., reduction using lithium aluminum hydride); ii) conversion of a dibromo-benzyl alcohol to a dialkyl-benzyl alcohol using, for example, a dialkylzinc reagent in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as PdCl₂(dppf); iii) conversion of a dibromobenzyl acetate to a dialkyl benzyl acetate followed by hydrolysis; iv) formylation of the appropriate aromatic compound followed by reduction; or v) conversion of a reactive chlorobenzoate ester to the respective alkyl benzoate ester using, for example, a Grignard reagent in the presence of an iron catalyst, such as Fe(acac)₃, followed by reduction.

Substituents on the “eastern” aromatic ring can be installed following C3-alkylation of the benzodiazepine ring. For example, C3-alkylation with 3-bromobenzyl bromide, followed by Pd-catalyzed attachment of an alkyl group to the aromatic ring.

As illustrated in Scheme 1 above, benzodiazepinone G can also be prepared using a synthetic strategy involving C3-alkylation of imidoyl chloride D followed by a palladium-coupling reaction to install a “southern” heteroaromatic ring. This synthetic strategy should be amenable to wide a variety of substrates. The heteroaryl boronates used in this palladium-coupling reaction can be obtained from commercial sources or they can be easily prepared. For example, a heteroaryl boronate can be prepared by treating a heteroaryl bromide with bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of a palladium catalyst.

In situations where protecting groups are used during the synthesis, protecting groups on compound G can be removed using standard procedures known in the art. For example, N-deprotection of a p-methoxybenzyl group can be performed using cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate, according to literature procedures.

The synthetic approach illustrated in Scheme 1 is amenable to making 1,4-benzodiazepines have a heterocycloalkyl group at the C5-position of the benzodiazepinone ring. The synthetic procedure for making such compounds utilizes a heterocycloalkyl boronic acid in place of the heteroaryl boronic acid shown in Scheme 1. A variety of heterocycloalkyl boronic acids are known in the art and/or could be purchased from commercial sources.

To further illustrate synthetic methods for making compounds described herein, Scheme 2 shows the synthesis of a specific 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having an amino-pyridinyl group at the C5-position of the 1,4-benzodiazepinone ring.

Scheme 3 shows the synthesis of a specific 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a pyrazolyl group at the C5-position of the 1,4-benzodiazepinone ring.

A wide variety of heterocyclic boronic acids or boranes are commercially available or can be readily prepared commercial boronates or aryl halides using procedures known in the art. For example, acylation of 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine may be performed with a variety of acylating agents and coupling conditions such as acetic anhydride in pyridine, or Boc-glycine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Scheme 4). In some cases it is desirable to deprotect this side chain fragment after the Suzuki coupling, for example to remove a nitrogen protecting group such as a Boc group.

1,4-Benzodiazepinone compounds having a heteroalkyl group at the C5-position can also be prepared by coupling an imidoyl chloride with a heteroalkyl group, such as depicted in Scheme 5 for an optionally substituted piperidine group. The coupling reaction is catalyzed using palladium acetate or a similar palladium (II) catalyst in the presence of a base (such as cesium carbonate) and a phosphine ligand, such as X-phos. Typical reaction conditions utilize a non-polar solvent (e.g., toluene) and involve heating the reaction mixture.

Additional synthetic procedures are described in detail in the examples below. Further, additional synthetic procedures can be found in, for example, “Comprehensive Organic Synthesis” (B. M. Trost & I. Fleming, eds., 1991-1992); Carey, F. A. and Sundberg, R. J. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B: Reactions and Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1990; and J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, (1992, 4^(th) edition); each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

II. Therapeutic Applications

It is contemplated that the 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds of formula I and related benzodiazepinone compounds, for example, those embraced by formula II, provide therapeutic benefits to patients suffering from cancer. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a subject suffering from cancer. The method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more 1,4-benzodiazepinone compounds described herein. The compounds described herein are contemplated to have activity in treating a variety of cancers. For example, the compounds described herein are contemplated to have activity in treating a hematological cancer or solid tumor malignancy. In certain embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer, colon cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, melanoma, cancer of the central nervous system tissue, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, thyroid cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, cutaneous B-Cell lymphoma, or diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma. In certain other embodiments, the cancer is breast cancer, colon cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, melanoma, or cancer of the central nervous system tissue. In certain other embodiments, the cancer is colon cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, or melanoma.

Additional exemplary cancers include fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma.

In certain embodiments, the cancer is a neuroblastoma, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, multiple brain metastase, glioblastoma multiforms, glioblastoma, brain stem glioma, poor prognosis malignant brain tumor, malignant glioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, neuroendocrine tumor, rectal adeno carcinoma, Dukes C & D colorectal cancer, unresectable colorectal carcinoma, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, karotype acute myeloblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, cutaneous B-Cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma, low grade follicular lymphoma, metastatic melanoma, localized melanoma, malignant mesothelioma, malignant pleural effusion mesothelioma syndrome, peritoneal carcinoma, papillary serous carcinoma, gynecologic sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, scelroderma, cutaneous vasculitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, leiomyosarcoma, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, hormone refractory prostate cancer, resected high-risk soft tissue sarcoma, unrescectable hepatocellular carcinoma, Waidenstrom's macroglobulinemia, smoldering myeloma, indolent myeloma, fallopian tube cancer, androgen independent prostate cancer, androgen dependent stage 1V non-metastatic prostate cancer, hormone-insensitive prostate cancer, chemotherapy-insensitive prostate cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, or leiomyoma.

The compounds administered to the patient for treating cancer may be any of the generic, subgeneric or specific compounds described herein, including all the particular embodiments specified in relation to formulae I, IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, II, and III above. In certain embodiments, the subject treated is a human.

Procedures for testing the efficacy of the compounds described herein against various cancers are known in the art.

IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Dosing Considerations

Another aspect of the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the compounds described above, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic absorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; or (8) nasally.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, manufacturing aid (e.g., lubricant, talc magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, or steric acid), or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject compound from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16) pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19) ethyl alcohol; (20) pH buffered solutions; (21) polyesters, polycarbonates and/or polyanhydrides; and (22) other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. (See e.g., Martin, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed., Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa. [1975]).

As set out above, certain embodiments of the present compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are, thus, capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable acids. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19)

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the subject compounds include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

In other cases, the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. (See, for example, Berge et al., supra)

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.

In certain embodiments, a formulation of the present invention comprises an excipient selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, celluloses, liposomes, micelle forming agents, e.g., bile acids, and polymeric carriers, e.g., polyesters and polyanhydrides; and a compound of the present invention. In certain embodiments, an aforementioned formulation renders orally bioavailable a compound of the present invention.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. In certain embodiments, the invention provides for the use of a compound described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder described herein.

Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, trouches and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and surfactants, such as poloxamer and sodium lauryl sulfate; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and non-ionic surfactants; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, zinc stearate, sodium stearate, stearic acid, and mixtures thereof; (10) coloring agents; and (11) controlled release agents such as crospovidone or ethyl cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be formulated for rapid release, e.g., freeze-dried. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject compounds may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.

When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99% (more preferably, 10 to 30%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given in forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. Oral administrations are preferred.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,” “peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as used herein mean the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.

These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the compounds of the present invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular compound being employed, the rate and extent of absorption, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above. Generally, oral, intravenous, intracerebroventricular and subcutaneous doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used for the indicated analgesic effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. Preferred dosing is one administration per day.

While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical formulation (composition).

The compounds according to the invention may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine, by analogy with other pharmaceuticals.

In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the subject compounds, as described above, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents. As described in detail below, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment or spray applied to the skin, lungs, or mucous membranes; or (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually or buccally; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; or (8) nasally.

In some embodiments, in vivo administration is effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and vary with the composition used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations are carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician.

Suitable dosage formulations and methods of administering the agents are readily determined by those of skill in the art. Preferably, the compounds are administered at about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, more preferably at about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, even more preferably at about 0.5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. When the compounds described herein are co-administered with another agent (e.g., as sensitizing agents), the effective amount may be less than when the agent is used alone.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered orally, intranasally, parenterally or by inhalation therapy, and may take the form of tablets, lozenges, granules, capsules, pills, ampoules, suppositories or aerosol form. They may also take the form of suspensions, solutions and emulsions of the active ingredient in aqueous or non-aqueous diluents, syrups, granulates or powders. In addition to an agent of the present invention, the pharmaceutical compositions can also contain other pharmaceutically active compounds or a plurality of compounds of the invention.

EXAMPLES

The invention now being generally described, will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the invention.

Example 1 Representative Procedure for Synthesis of Benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-ones from Imidoyl Chlorides Part I: Palladium-Coupling of a Heteroaryl Boronic Acid and an Imidoyl Chloride.

5-(5-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5,7-Dichloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (240 mg) and 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-3-amine (134 mg, 1.2 eq) were suspended in dioxane/water (6 mL/2 mL), and then cesium hydroxide (170 mg, 2 eq) was added and the mixture was degassed by pulling vacuum until bubbling occurred, and then introducing nitrogen gas. The degassing procedure was repeated twice, and then tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (30 mg, 0.05 eq) was added. The degassing procedure was repeated once, and then the reaction was heated to 90° C. for three hours. The crude mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and then washed with water, then brine, and then it was dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated onto silica gel. The product was purified by chromatography (gradient: 75:25 hexanes:EtOAc to EtOAc) delivering the product as a solid (90 mg, 33% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 531.0 (M+1).

Part II: Removal of Methoxybenzyl Protecting Group

5-(5-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5-(5-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (90 mg) was dissolved in anisole (5 mL) and aluminum chloride (90 mg, 4 eq) was then added. The suspension was heated to 85° C. under nitrogen gas for two hours, and then it was cooled to room temperature and poured onto ice water/EtOAc 1:1 (30 mL:30 g). The slurry was stirred vigorously for 1 hour, and the organic phase was then separated and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, then concentrated, and purified by chromatography (gradient: DCM to 8:2 DCM:MeOH) delivering the title compound as a solid (23 mg, 34% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.80 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, 1H), 7.65 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, 2H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.85 (s, 1H) 5.47 (bs, 2H), 3.77 (t, 1H), 3.45 (d, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₁H₁₆Cl₂N₄O [M+H]⁺, 411.0779. found, 411.0770.

The following compounds were prepared by making appropriate substitutions to the above procedures.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (40 mg, 15% yield, MS (ES+) m/z 554.0 (M+Na+)). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (11.4 mg, 37% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.73 (bs, 1H), 10.72 (bs, 1H), 7.68-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 7.27-7.18 (m, 4H), 6.35 (d, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₁H₁₆Cl₂N₃O₂ [M+H]⁺, 412.0620. found, 412.0606.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (130 mg, 40% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 600.1 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (63 mg, 60% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.70 (bs, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.18 (m, 8H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (m, 6H), 2.78 (bs, 4H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₃Cl₂N₅O [M+H]⁺, 480.1358. found, 480.1350.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (100 mg, 38% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 527.1 (M+Na+). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (8 mg, 10% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.12 (bs, 1H), 10.65 (s, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.40 (m, 14H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 7.20 (m, 3H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₁₉H₁₄Cl₂N₄O [M+H]⁺, 385.0623. found, 385.0614.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (30 mg, 10% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 518.9 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (18.5 mg, 80% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.90-12.70 (m, 1H), 10.65 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 7.42-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.10 (m, 4H), 3.79 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.05 (s, 3H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₀H₁₆Cl₂N₄O [M+H]⁺, 399.0799. found, 399.0782.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (70 mg, 24% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 532.9 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (9.7 mg, 18% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.20 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.04 (m, 6H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.65 (m, 2H), 1.85 (s, 6H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₁H₁₈Cl₂N₄O [M+H]⁺, 413.0936. found, 413.0927.

5-(6-(4-Acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 5-(6-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (340 mg, 95% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 663.9 (M+Na+). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (110 mg, 40% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.73 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.40 (m, 10H), 2.02 (s, 3H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₇H₂₅Cl₂N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺, 522.1464. found, 522.1455.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (450 mg, 73% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 585.0 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (274 mg, 77% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.30-7.18 (m, 4H), 6.39 (d, 1H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.32 (m, 6H), 1.90 (m, 4H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₂Cl₂N₄O [M+H]⁺, 465.1249. found, 465.1262.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-((6-(R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (520 mg, 82% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 601.0 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (227 mg, 54% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, 1H), 7.29-7.19 (m, 4H), 6.42 (d, 1H), 4.96, (d, 1H), 4.38 (bs, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.40 (m, 5H), 3.35 (m, 3H), 3.18 (d, 1H), 2.05-1.82 (m, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₂Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 481.1198. found, 481.1212.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(2-methoxyethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(6-(2-methoxyethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (540 mg, 87% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 589.0 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (251 mg, 58% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.68 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.50-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.18 (m, 5H), 7.13 (bs, 1H), 6.48 (d, 1H), 3.69 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 6H), 3.32 (s, 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₄H₂₂Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 469.1198. found, 469.1213.

(S)-7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(2-methoxyethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide (S)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(6-(2-methoxyethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (210 mg, 82% yield). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound as a solid (71 mg, 43% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.70 (s, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.50-7.10 (m, 8H), 6.49 (d, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 6H), 3.30 (s, 5H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 1.04 (s, 3H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₄H₂₂Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 469.1198. found, 469.1208.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The palladium coupling reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I above to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (68 mg, 36% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 600.2 (M+1). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II above to provide the title compound (14 mg, 26% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.55 (bs, 1H), 8.20 (d, 1H), 7.50 (t, 2H), 7.38-7.10 (m, 5H), 6.70-6.52 (m, 2H), 3.90 (t, 1H), 3.81-3.62 (m, 6H), 3.48 (t, 1H), 3.30-3.10 (m, 4H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₃Cl₂N₅O [M+H]⁺, 480.1358. found, 480.1361.

Example 2 Representative Procedures for the Synthesis of a 1,4-Benzodiazepinone bearing a C5-1H-Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one Group

Part I: Synthesis of Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one Boronic Acid

Step 1

5-Bromopyridine-2,3-diamine. 5-Bromo-3-nitropyridin-2-amine (3 g) was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (56 mL) and water (28 mL). Ammonium chloride (1.47 g, 2 eq) was added followed by iron powder (2.31 g, 3 eq). The reaction was heated to 90° C. for 45 minutes. The solution was then cooled, and diluted with EtOAc, filtered, and the layers were separated. The organic layer was then washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated delivering product as a solid (2.45 g, 95% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.25 (d, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 5.70-5.40 (bs, 2H), 5.20-4.80 (bs, 2H).

Step 2

6-Bromo-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one. 5-Bromopyridine-2,3-diamine (2.45 g) was dissolved in THF (25 mL) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (2.54 g, 1.2 eq) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen gas overnight. Water was then added to the mixture and the product was collected by filtration. The solid was dried under vacuum delivering product (2.57 g, 92% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.50 (s, 1H), 11.00 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H). MS (ES+) m/z 213.1 (M+1).

Step 3

di-tert-Butyl-6-bromo-2-oxo-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate. A THF (10 mL) solution of di-tert butyl dicarbonate (4.69 g, 2.2 eq) was added dropwise to a solution of 6-bromo-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one (2.09 g) and DMAP (119 mg, 0.1 eq) in THF (40 mL). The reaction was stirred at reflux for 1 h, then cooled and concentrated. The product was purified by chromatography (gradient: 95:5 hexanes:EtOAc to 80:20 hexanes:EtOAc) delivering the product (1.48 g, 37% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHZ, CDCl₃) δ 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 1.65 (s, 20H).

Step 4

di-tert-Butyl 2-oxo-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate. di-tert-butyl 6-Bromo-2-oxo-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate (1.48 g), bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.089 g, 1.2 eq), and potassium acetate (526 mg, 1.5 eq) were put in a flask and dissolved in dioxane (36 mL). The mixture was subjected to vacuum until bubbling occurred, and nitrogen gas was then introduced. The degassing procedure was repeated twice, and then (1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)-dichloropalladium(II)dichloromethane adduct (129 mg, 0.05 eq) was added. The reaction was heated to 80° C. for 3 h. The mixture was then cooled, then diluted with EtOAc, and washed with water, then brine, then dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated. The product was purified by chromatography delivering product (1.30 g, 79% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 3.68 (s, 1H), 1.65 (s, 21H), 1.45 (d, 6H), 1.32 (s, 16H), 1.25 (s, 12H).

Part II: Palladium-Coupling of Imidoyl Chloride and Heteroaryl Boronic Acid

tert-Butyl 6-(7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate. The reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I of Example 1 to provide a mixture of bis-Boc protected product and a mono-Boc protected product (308 mg, 45% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 694.2 (M+Na⁺). This mixture was used in the deprotection reaction below.

Part III: Deprotection of Boc Protecting Group(s).

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. tert-Butyl 6-(7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate (308 mg) was dissolved in 4 N HCl in dioxane (20 mL) and it was held at room temperature for an hour, then partitioned between aqueous sodium bicarbonate and EtOAc. The organic fraction was washed with brine, then dried over sodium sulfate, then concentrated and used further without purification (250 mg, 95% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.60 (bs, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.10 (m, 14H), 6.90 (d, 2H), 6.62 (d, 2H), 5.65 (d, 1H), 4.55 (d, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.60 (m, 8H), 1.60 (bs, 2H).

Part IV: Deprotection of Methoxybenzyl Protecting Group.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part II of Example Ito provide the title compound as a solid (71 mg, 36% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.55 (s, 1H), 10.90 (s, 1H), 10.75 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, 1H), 7.50-7.20 (m, 7H), 4.07 (q, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.15 (s, 1H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₂H₁₅Cl₂N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺, 452.0681. found, 452.0686.

Example 3 Procedures for the Synthesis of a 1,4-Benzodiazepinone bearing a C5-Pyridin-2-yl)piperazine Group

Part I: Synthesis of 6-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridinyl Boronic Acid

Step 1

1-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-methylpiperazine. 5-Bromo-2-chloropyridine (1.0 g), N-methylpiperazine (1.56 g, 3 eq), and potassium carbonate (2.16 g, 3 eq) were combined in N-methylpyrrolidinone (5 mL) and heated to 120° C. overnight. The crude mixture was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with water. The solid product was collected by filtration, then washed with more water and dried under vacuum (824 mg, 62% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.18 (d, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 6.53 (d, 1H), 3.50 (m, 4H), 2.50 (m, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

Step 2

1-Methyl-4-(5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine. The reaction was carried out as described in the borylation reaction in Part I of Example 2 to provide the title compound (132 mg, 14% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 304.2 (M+1).

Part II: Palladium-Coupling of Imidoyl Chloride and Heteroaryl Boronic Acid

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was performed according to the procedures described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound (99 mg, 51% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 614.2 (M+1).

Part III: Deprotection of Methoxybenzyl Protecting Group

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was performed according to the procedure described in Part II of Example 1 to provide the title compound (13 mg, 16% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.65 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.65 (dd, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 7.45 (dd, 1H), 7.35-7.07 (m, 5H), 6.60 (d, 1H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.55 (m, 7H), 3.50 (s, 1H), 2.50 (m, 4H), 2.36 (s, 3H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₆H₂₅Cl₂N₅O [M+H]⁺, 494.1514. found, 494.1519.

Example 4 Palladium Coupling Procedures for the Synthesis of Benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-ones having a 1H-Pyrazolyl Group at the C5-Position

7-Chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was performed according to the procedure described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound (150 mg, 35% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.20 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.84-7.72 (m, 5H), 7.68-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.50-7.39 (m, 4H), 3.79 (dd, 1H), 3.49 (qd, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₄H₁₉ClN₄O [M+H]⁺, 415.1326. found, 415.1323.

Example 5 Procedures for the Synthesis of Benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-ones having a 1H-Pyrazolyl Group at the C5-Position Part I: Palladium Coupling of an Imidoyl Chloride and a Boronic Acid

7-Chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was performed according to the procedure described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound as a yellow solid (163 mg, 18% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 381.3 (M+1).

Part II: Base-induced Alkylation of a Functionalized 1,4-Benzodiazepinone.

7-Chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 7-Chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (163 mg) was dissolved in THF (3 mL) and the solution was cooled to −78° C. A solution of KOtBu in THF (1 M, 1.1 mL, 2.6 eq) was then added dropwise and the anion was stirred for 10 minutes. 2-Bromomethyl naphthalene (123 mg, 1.3 eq) was then added and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature where it was held for 2 hours. The reaction was then quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and the crude product was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic fraction was washed with brine, then dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated onto silica gel then purified by flash chromatography (gradient: 3:1 hexanes:EtOAc to EtOAc) delivering the product as a solid (106 mg, 48% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 521.2 (M+1).

Part III: Removal of Methoxybenzyl Protecting Group

7-Chloro-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out as described in Part II of Example 1 above to provide the title compound as a solid (20 mg, 25% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.15 (s, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.35 (m, 11H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₃H_(i7)ClN₄O [M+H]⁺, 401.1169. found, 401.1171.

Example 6 Procedures for the Synthesis of Benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-ones having a 1H-Pyrazolyl Group at the C5-Position Part I: Synthesis of Heteroaryl Boronic Acid Step 1

1-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-ol. The reaction was carried out as described in Step 1 of Part I of Example 3 to provide the title compound as a solid (1.10 g, 82% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.10 (d, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 4.66 (d, 1H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.65 (sextet, 1H), 3.15-3.00 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.23 (m, 2H).

Step 2

1-(5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-ol. The reaction was carried out as described in Step 4 of Part I of Example 2 to provide the title compound as a solid (350 mg, 27% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 305.2 (M+1).

Part II: Palladium Coupling of an Imidoyl Chloride and a Heteroaryl Boronic Acid

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out as described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound as a solid (310 mg, 95% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 615.2 (M+1).

Part III: Removal of Methoxybenzyl Protecting Group

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out as described in Part II of Example 1 to provide the title compound as a solid (72.6 mg, 29% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.72 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.46 (t, 2H), 7.40-7.20 (m, 5H), 6.81 (d, 1H), 4.70 (d, 1H), 4.04 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 2H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.08 (m, 4H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.32 (m, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₆H₂₄Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 495.1355. found, 495.1371.

The following compounds were prepared by making appropriate substitutions to the above procedures.

Example 6A

4-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)morpholine. The reaction was carried out as described in Step 1 of Part I of Example 3 to provide the title compound as a crystalline white solid (1.02 g, 81% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.16 (d, 1H), 7.69 (dd, 1H), 6.80 (d, 1H), 3.65 (m, 4H), 3.38 (m, 4H).

4-(5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)morpholine. The reaction was carried out as described in Step 4 of Part I of Example 2 to provide the title compound as a solid (400 mg, 39% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 291.2 (M+1).

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(6-morpholinopyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out as described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound as a solid (300 mg, 95% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 601.1 (M+1).

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-morpholinopyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out as described in Part II of Example 1 to provide the title compound as a solid (61 mg, 25% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.73 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.55 (dd, 1H), 7.46 (dd, 1H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 4H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 3.75-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.55-3.37 (m, 6H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₂Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 481.1198. found, 481.1198.

Example 6B

(1-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanol. The reaction was carried out as described in Step 1 of Part I of Example 3 to provide the title compound as a solid (1.40 g, 99% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.10 (d, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H), 4.44 (t, 1H), 4.21 (bd, 2H), 3.22 (t, 2H), 2.75 (t, 2H), 1.72-1.50 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.00 (m, 2H).

(1-(5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanol. The reaction was carried out as described in Step 4 of Part I of Example 2 to provide the title compound as a solid (260 mg, 16% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 319.2 (M+1).

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out as described in Part I of Example 1 to provide 7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(6-(4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one as a solid (220 mg, 59% yield). Then, the methoxybenzyl protecting group was removed according to the procedures described in Part II of Example 1 to provide the title compound as a solid (25 mg, 14% yield). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₇H₂₆Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 509.1511. found, 509.1511.

Example 7 Procedures for the Synthesis of 7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-5-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one Beginning with 2-Chloro-iodobenzene and Allyl Alcohol Step 1

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanal. 2-Chloro-iodobenzene (700 mg), allyl alcohol (256 mg, 1.5 eq.), palladium acetate (13 mg, 0.02 eq), sodium bicarbonate (616 mg, 2.5 eq), and tetrabutylammonium chloride (816 mg, 1 eq) were mixed together in anhydrous DMF (12 mL). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 24 h, then diluted with water. The crude mixture was extracted into EtOAc 3×, and the organic layer was washed with water twice, then brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (gradient: 88:12 hexanes:EtOAc to 1:1 hexanes:EtOAc) delivering the product (200 mg, 40% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.80 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.10 (m, 3H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.68 (m, 2H).

Step 2

2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)butanoic acid. In a glass bomb was placed trimethylsilyl-cyanide (2.65 g, 1.5 eq), zinc iodide (284 mg, 0.05 eq), 3-(2-chlorophenyl)propanal (3.00 g, 1 eq), and THF (32 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, then a 7 M solution of ammonia in methanol (51 mL, 20 eq) was added. The tube was sealed and heated to 60° C. for three hours. The solution was then concentrated, and hydrochloric acid (6 M, 5.93 mL, 30 eq) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 8 h. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and slowly neutralized with aqueous sodium bicarbonate. Additional sodium bicarbonate was added (15 mL), followed by 1,4-dioxane (323 mL) and Boc anhydride (15.53 g, 4 eq). The reaction was stirred for another 4 h, and the mixture was partitioned with EtOAc 3×, discarding the organic layer each time. The pH was then carefully adjusted to 5 with HCl (2N) and the product was extracted into EtOAc 3×. The combined organic extracts were then washed with water, then brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated delivering a tan oil which was used further without purification (2.27 g, 41% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.35-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.10 (m, 3H), 6.97-6.88 (m, 1H), 5.15 (d, 1H), 4.35 (bs, 1H), 3.81 (s, 1H), 3.70 (s, 9H), 2.82 (t, 2H), 2.20 (bs, 1H), 1.95 (q, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 3

2-Amino-4-(2-chlorophenyl)butanoic acid hydrochloride. 2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)butanoic acid (2.25 g) was dissolved in 4 N HCl in dioxane (20 mL, 11 eq) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was then concentrated delivering product as a yellow solid (1.49 g, 83% yield).

Step 4

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-2,5-dione. 2-Amino-4-(2-chlorophenyl)butanoic acid hydrochloride (1.49 g, 1 eq) was dissolved in water/acetonitrile 1:1 (24 mL:24 mL), and triethylamine (1.67 mL, 2 eq) was then added. 5-Chloroisatoic anhydride (1.18 g, 1 eq) was added in about 10 portions giving time between each addition for the previous portion to dissolve. After all of the anhydride was added the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. Any solids present after reaction were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, azeotroped with acetonitrile, re-dissolved in AcOH (60 mL) and heated to 130° C. for 6 h. The crude mixture was then concentrated, and the residue was rinsed with NaHCO₃(aq), stirring the slurry for 30 minutes before collecting the solid by filtration. The crude solid was washed with acetonitrile. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.50 (s, 1H), 8.74 (d, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.40-7.03 (m, 5H), 3.66 (q, 1H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H). MS (ES+) m/z 371.0 (M+Na).

Step 5

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-2,5-dione. 7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-2,5-dione (1.0 g, 1 eq), 1-(chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene (448 mg, 1 eq), and potassium carbonate (1.19 g, 3 eq) were suspended in DMF (11.5 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was then added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration, and the solid was returned to a flask and concentrated from toluene to remove water. The crude material was purified by chromatography (gradient: 9:1 hexanes:EtOAc to 1:1 hexanes:EtOAc) yielding a white solid (970 mg, 72% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.90 (d, 1H), 7.60-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.17 (m, 4H), 6.97 (d, 2H), 6.78 (d, 2H), 5.32 (d, 1H), 4.81 (d, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.74 (t, 2H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 1H). MS (ES+) m/z 490.9 (M+Na).

Step 6

5,7-Dichloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-2,5-dione (950 mg) was dissolved in toluene (20 mL) and then N,N-dimethylaniline (564 mg, 2.3 eq) was added followed by phosphorous-oxychloride (403 mg, 1.3 eq). The reaction was heated to 90° C. overnight, then cooled to room temperature and washed with ice cold water, then cold 0.5 M HCl, then cold sodium bicarbonate, then cold water, then brine, and then it was dried over sodium sulfate, and filtered through a plug of silica gel (eluting with 1:1 hexanes:EtOAc), and concentrated, and held under vacuum for 24 h. Crude product was a viscous purple oil. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70 (d, 1H), 7.40 (dd, 1H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.07 (m, 2H), 7.00 (d, 2H), 6.81-6.70 (m, 3H), 5.28 (d, 1H), 4.82 (d, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.55 (t, 1H), 2.95 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.45 (m, 2H).

Step 7

tert-Butyl 6-(7-chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate. 5,7-Dichloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (245 mg) and di-tert-butyl 2-oxo-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1,3(2H)-dicarboxylate (255 mg, 1.1 eq) were dissolved in dioxane/water (2 mL:0.65 mL), and cesium carbonate (327 mg, 2 eq) was added followed by lithium chloride (64 mg, 3 eq). The mixture was degassed with nitrogen and then tetrakis-triphenylphosphine palladium (0) (58 mg, 0.1 eq) was added. The mixture was degassed again, and the reaction was then heated to 80° C. for three hours. The crude mixture was partitioned between water and EtOAc and the organic fraction was then washed with brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated onto silica gel and purified by chromatography (gradient: 9:1 hexanes:EtOAc to EtOAc) delivering both the product 90 mg, 23% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 707.9 (M+Na) and m/z 807.9 (M+Na+Boc) and doubly Boc-protected material.

Step 8

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. tert-Butyl 6-(7-chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-carboxylate (90 mg) was dissolved in 4 N HCl in dioxane (10 mL), and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then concentrated delivering pure product (50 mg, 75% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 607.9 (M+Na).

Step 9

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-5-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorophenethyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (50 mg) was dissolved in anisole (2.1 mL) and aluminum chloride (46 mg, 4 eq) was added. The reaction was stirred at 85° C. for 2 h, then poured into ice:EtOAc (1:1). The quenched reaction was stirred vigorously for 1 h, then the organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated onto silica gel and purified by chromatography (gradient: DCM to 9:1 DCM:MeOH) delivering product (10 mg, 25% yield). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₃H₁₇Cl₂N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺, 466.0838. found, 466.0838.

Example 8 Procedures for the Synthesis of 5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one Beginning with 3-Chloro-6-fluorobenzonitrile and Cyclopropylamine Step 1

5-Chloro-2-(cyclopropylamino)benzonitrile A solution of 3-chloro-6-fluorobenzonitrile (5 g), Hunig's base (5.60 mL, 1 eq), and cyclopropylamine (3.34 mL, 1.5 eq) in anhydrous N-methylpyrrolidinone (16 mL) was heated to 110° C. for 18 h in a sealed tube. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was washed once with water, then brine, then concentrated and the residue was washed with hexanes delivering the product as a crystalline white solid (4.66 g, 75% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, 1H), 7.02 (d, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 0.75 (m, 2H), 0.50 (m, 2H).

Step 2

5-Chloro-2-(cyclopropylamino)benzoic acid. 5-Chloro-2-(cyclopropylamino)benzonitrile (4.66 g) was dissolved in a solution of KOH (4.75 g, 3.5 eq) in EtOH (12 mL) and water (2.5 mL). The solution was refluxed for 24 h, cooled, and acidified with concentrated HCl. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried by multiple concentrations from toluene delivering pure product (4.70 g, 92% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.88 (bs, 1H), 7.70 (d, 1H), 7.42 (dd, 1H), 7.09 (d, 1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 2H), 0.45 (m, 2H).

Step 3

6-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazine-2,4-dione. A solution of 5-chloro-2-(cyclopropylamino)benzoic acid (4.70 g) and triethylamine (3.12 mL, 1 eq) in DCM (111 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with triphosgene (2.31 g, 0.35 eq) in small portions. Dimethylaminopyridine (271 mg, 0.1 eq) was then added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The crude was washed with cold 1 N HCl, and the organic portion was dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated, then held under vacuum for 18 h delivering product (5.00 g, 95% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.88 (m, 2H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 1.16 (m, 2H), 0.80 (m, 2H). MS (ES+) m/z 260.0 (M+Na).

Step 4

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepine-2,5-dione. 2-Amino-3-(2-chlorophenyl)propanoic acid hydrochloride (4.97 g, 1 eq) was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (84 mL/84 mL) and triethylamine (5.91 mL, 2 eq) was then added. 1-Cyclopropyl-5-chloroisatoic anhydride (5.00 g, 1 eq) was then added in about 10 portions giving time between each addition for the previous portion to dissolve. After all of the anhydride was added the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. Any solids present after reaction were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, azeotroped with acetonitrile, re-dissolved in AcOH (210 mL) and heated to 130° C. for 6 h. The crude mixture was then concentrated, and the residue was washed with NaHCO₃(aq), stirring the mixture for a while before collecting the solid by filtration. The crude product was chromatographed (gradient: 3:1 hex:EtOAc to EtOAc) delivering the product (126 mg, 2% yield).

Step 5

5,7-Dichloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out according to the procedure described in step 6 of Example 4 delivering product (50 mg, 100% yield) which was carried into the next reaction without purification.

Step 6

5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out according to the procedure described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound after chromatography (3.4 mg, 4% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 450.9 (M+1).

Example 9 Procedures for the Synthesis of N-(5-(7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide Beginning with Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine Step 1

N-(5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide. 5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine (0.3 g, 1.36 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine 17 mg, 0.136 mmol) was added, followed by triethylamine (0.38 mL, 2.73 mmol) then acetic anhydride (0.153, 1.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 h then diluted with dichloromethane and washed with NH₄Cl (sat aq) then brine. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. Chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate gave the desired product (187 mg, 52% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.3 (s, 1H), 8.6 (s, 1H), 8.2 (d, 1H), 8.05 (d, 1H), 2.2 (s, 3H), 1.2 (s, 12H).

Step 2

N-(5-(7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide. 5,7-Dichloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (208 mg, 0.439 mmol), LiCl (56 mg, 1.32 mmol), and CsOH (221 mg, 1.32 mmol) were combined, then a solution of N-(5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide (115 mg, 0.439 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added followed by water (300 uL). The mixture was purged with nitrogen, then tetrakis(triphenylphosphinepalladium(0) (51 mg, 0.044 mmol) was added and the flask was lowered into a 100° C. oil bath and heated at 100° C. for 3 h. The mixture was allowed to cool, then diluted with ethyl acetate and rinsed with water 2× then brine and dried (MgSO₄). Chromatography eluting with 40-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a colorless oil (210 mg, 83% yield). MS (ES+) m/z 573.1 (M+1).

Step 3

N-(5-(7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide. N-(5-(7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)acetamide (210 mg, 0.366 mmol) was dissolved in anisole (1 mL) under nitrogen and AlCl₃ (195 mg, 1.465 mmol) was added in one portion. The resulting orange solution was heated to 85° C. for 2 h then allowed to cool. Ice and ethyl acetate were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min then partitioned and the organic layer was washed with water then brine and dried (MgSO₄). Chromatography on silica gel eluting with 10%-50%-70% ethyl acetate in hexanes gave the product (120 mg, 72% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.62-7.5 (m, 3H), 7.5-7.20 (m, 7H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 4.31 (dd, 1H), 4.25-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.59 (dd, 1H), 3.35 (dd, 1H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₃H_(i8)Cl₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺, 453.0885. found, 453.0872.

Example 10 Procedures for the Synthesis of N-(5-(3-(Biphenyl-2-ylmethyl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)pivalamide Beginning with Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine Step 1

N-(5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)pivalamide. 5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine (0.5 g, 2.27 mmol), pivaloyl chloride (0.277 g, 2.20 mmol) and triethylamine (0.248 g, 2.45 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) were stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and ice/water and the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined extracts dried over sodium sulfate. Purification by chromatography (1:1 ethyl acetate in hexanes) gave the product (0.385 g, 56% yield) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.23 (d, 1H), 8.06 (d, 2H), 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.31 (s, 9H). MS (ES+) m/z 305 (M+1).

Step 2

N-(5-(3-(Biphenyl-2-ylmethyl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)pivalamide. 3-(Biphenyl-2-ylmethyl)-5,7-dichloro-1-methyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (0.192 g, 0.469 mmol), N-(5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)pivalamide (0.214 g, 0.703 mmol, 1.2 eq), Palladium (II) acetate (0.2 eq), triphenyl phosphine (0.2 eq) and cesium carbonate (2 eq) were heated at 100° C. in DMF (3 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen in a sealed tube for 1.5 h. The mixture was cooled then diluted with ethyl acetate and water (2:1) then filtered through a pad of celite. The layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine then dried over sodium sulfate. Chromatography eluting with 1:1 ethyl acetate in hexanes gave an oil which was dissolved in a 2:1 mixture of acetonitrile and water and freeze-dried to give product as an off-white solid (0.096 g, 37% yield). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.29-8.22 (m, 2H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.71 (dd, 1H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.12 (m, 8H), 3.69-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.41-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 9H). MS (APCI) m/z 551 (M+1).

Example 11

7-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5,7-Dichloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (0.36 g, 0.94 mmol), 4-hydroxypiperidine (0.38 g, 3.8 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.40 g, 3.8 mmol), and tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.09 g, 0.24 mmol) were combined in toluene (5 mL) and heated to 100° C. for 24 hours. The solution was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 25-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes provided 7-chloro-5-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (35 mg, 8% yield) ESI m/z measured 448.1794 [M+H]⁺. calculated 448.1792.

Example 12

5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5,7-Dichloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (0.40 g, 1.04 mmol), 2-aminopyridine-5-boronic acid pinacol ester (0.28 g, 1.25 mmol) and lithium chloride (0.13 g, 3.1 mmol) were added to 1,4-dioxane (4 mL). Nitrogen was bubbled into solution as reagents were added. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (0.12 g, 0.10 mmol) was added followed by cesium hydroxide monohydrate (0.53 g, 3.1 mmol) and water (1 mL). After bubbling through nitrogen for 5 minutes the reaction was heated to 100° C. for 1 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL), washed with water (2×20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, decanted then concentrated in the presence of silica. Chromotography eluting with a gradient of 30-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes provided 5-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (140 mg, 30% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.47 (m, 2H) 3.75 (m, 1H), 6.43 (m, 1H), 6.50 (s, 2H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.67 (m, 6H), 7.75-7.82 (m, 4H), 7.92 (m, 1H); ESI m/z measured 441.1487 [M+H]⁺. calculated 441.1482.

The following compounds were prepared according to the above procedure.

5-(5-Aminopyrazin-2-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (60 mg, 10% yield) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.52 (m, 2H) 3.84 (m, 1H), 6.95 (s, 2H), 7.31 (s, 1H) 7.40-7.69 (m, 6H), 7.75-7.86 (m, 4H), 8.48 (s, 1H); ESI m/z measured 442.1435 [M+H]⁺. calculated 442.1435.

5-(5-Aminopyridin-2-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (26 mg, 26% yield) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.3 (m, 5H, buried), 3.78 (m, 1H), 7.18 (m, 1H), 7.4-7.85 (m, 10H), 8.1 (m, 2H), 8.7 (m, 1H), 9.08 (s, 1H); ESI m/z measured 441.1481 [M+H]⁺. calculated 441.1482.

7-Chloro-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (11 mg, 11% yield) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.3 (m, 5H, buried), 3.76 (m, 1H), 5.24 (q, 2H), 7.36-7.5 (m, 6H), 7.65-7.82 (m, 6H), 8.45 (m, 1H); ESI m/z measured 456.1474 [M+H]⁺. calculated 456.1479.

7-Chloro-5-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (98 mg, 51% yield) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.3 (s, 3H), 3.52 (m, 2H) 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 7.3 (m, 1H), 7.4-7.64 (m, 6H), 7.7-7.85 (m, 4H), 8.0 (m, 1H), 8.23 (m, 1H); ESI m/z measured 456.1475 [M+H]⁺. calculated 456.1479.

7-Chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The title compound was prepared according to the above procedure, followed deprotection with aluminum chloride in anisole according to the procedures described in Part II of Example 1 (98 mg, 51%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.5 (m, 2H) 3.87 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.40 (dd, 1H), 7.48 (dd, 4H), 7.67 (dd, 1H), 8.63 (d, 2H), 10.89 (s, 1H); ESI m/z measured 396.0669 [M+H]⁺. calculated 396.0670.

7-Chloro-5-(2-(hydroxymethyl)thiazol-4-yl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (32 mg, 15% yield) ESI m/z measured 462.1038 [M+H]⁺. calculated 462.1043.

7-Chloro-5-(5-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (16 mg, 17% yield) ESI m/z measured 456.1481 [M+H]⁺. calculated 456.1479.

Example 13

5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5,7-Dichloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (0.10 g, 0.20 mmol) and 2-aminopyridine-5-boronic acid pinacol ester were reacted according to the corresponding procedure described in Example 12 to yield intermediate 5-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (77 mg, 69%). 5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (77 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous anisole (2 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, and aluminum bromide (1M in dichloromethane, 0.70 mL, 0.70 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour then cooled to ambient temperature and an additional amount of aluminum bromide (1M in dichloromethane, 0.70 mL, 0.70 mmol) was added. The solution was heated to 80° C. for 1 hour, cooled, poured into ice, diluted with ethyl acetate and saturated sodium bicarbonate. The layers were separated and the organic layer dried with sodium sulfate, decanted and concentrated in the presence of silica gel. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 70-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes provided 546-aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (25 mg, 42% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.47 (m, 2H) 3.71 (m, 1H), 6.40-6.46 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.62 (m, 5H), 7.78-7.87 (m, 4H), 10.64 (s, 1H); ESI m/z measured 427.1324 [M+H]⁺. calculated 427.1326.

Example 14

7-Chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. Palladium acetate (8 mg, 0.038 mmol), X-Phos (18 mg, 0.038 mmol), and cesium carbonate (270 mg, 0.83 mmol) were combined in anhydrous toluene (2 mL), and nitrogen bubbled through the solution for 5 minutes. A solution of 5,7-dichloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (370 mg, 0.76 mmol) and 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane (0.12 mL, 0.91 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added and then heated to 120° C. under a nitrogen blanket for 14 hours. The solution was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, brine, dried with sodium sulfate, decanted, then concentrated in the presence of silica. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 10-70% ethyl acetate in hexanes provided 7-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one.(345 mg, 77% yield). ESI m/z measured 596.2321 [M+H]⁺. calculated 596.2316.

The following compounds were prepared according to the above procedure.

7-Chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. (65 mg, 15%) ESI m/z measured 490.1893 [M+H]⁺. calculated 490.1897.

tert-Butyl 1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamate. (116 mg, 28% yield) ESI m/z measured 547.2478 [M+H]⁺. calculated 547.2476.

Example 15

5-(4-Aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5,7-Dichloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (170 mg, 0.44 mmol) and tert-butyl piperidin-4-ylcarbamate (89 mg, 0.44 mmol) were coupled according to the corresponding procedure described in Example 14 to yield intermediate tert-butyl 1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamate. (85 mg, 35%). Tert-butyl 1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamate (85 mg, 0.16 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (1 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours. The solution was concentrated, redissolved in ethyl acetate and extracted into 1 M aqueous hydrochloric acid (3×10 mL). The extracts were neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate, extracted with dichloromethane (3×25 mL), then dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to yield 5-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (20 mg, 29% yield). MS (M+H)⁺447.2.

Example 16

7-Chloro-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 7-Chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (0.14 g, 0.24 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL), and concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (4 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 5 hours, then the temperature increased to 80° C. for 2 hours. The solution was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried with sodium sulfate, decanted and concentrated in the presence of silica. Chromatography provided 7-chloro-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (22 mg, 22% yield). ESI m/z measured 432.1487 [M+H]⁺. calculated 432.1479.

Example 17

7-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 7-Chloro-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-5-(4-oxopiperidin-1-yl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (18 mg, 0.04 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (0.2 mL) under nitrogen, 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide (0.5M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 0.5 mL, 0.25 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring at ambient temperature for 1 hour the reaction was quenched with water (1 mL), diluted with ethyl acetate, separated, washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate, decanted, and concentrated. The residue was redissolved in ethyl acetate (0.5 mL) and hexanes added slowly (total of 6 mL). A solid precipitated and was collected by filtration. Washing with hexanes provided 7-chloro-5-(4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (10 mg, 43% yield). ESI m/z measured 540.2062 [M+H]⁺. calculated 540.2054.

Example 18

2-Amino-N-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)acetamide. 5-(4-Aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (15 mg, 0.034 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (0.3 mL), and Boc-glycine (7 mg, 0.037 mmol), and then 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (8 mg, 0.04 mmol), 1-hydroxybenztriazole (5 mg, 0.04 mmol), and triethylamine (6 μL, 0.04 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate (5 mL), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (3×1 mL), dried with sodium sulfate, decanted and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 70-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes provided tert-butyl 2-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethylcarbamate (3 mg, 15%). This material was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.1 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour then concentrate in vacuo. Azeotroping four times with dichloromethane provided 2-amino-N-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)acetamide as the trifluoroacetate salt (3 mg, quant. yield). ESI m/z measured 504.2173 [M+H]⁺. calculated 504.2166.

Example 19

N-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)acetamide. 5-(4-Aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 mL) and triethylamine (31 μL, 0.22 mmol), acetic anhydride (11 μL, 0.11 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. To the solution was added silica and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 70-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes then 0-15% methanol in ethyl acetate provided N-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)acetamide (30 mg, 55% yield). ESI m/z measured 489.2043 [M+H]⁺. calculated 489.2057.

Example 20

N-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide. 5-(4-Aminopiperidin-1-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (2 mL) and triethylamine (31 μL, 0.22 mmol), a solution of benzoyl chloride (10 μL, 0.11 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.2 mL) was added dropwise, and stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. To the solution was added silica gel and the mixture was concentrated. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 50-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes provided N-(1-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide (35 mg, 57% yield). ESI m/z measured 551.2224 [M+H]⁺. calculated 551.2214.

Example 21

2-(5-(7-Chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl acetate. 5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 mL), and triethylamine (19 μL, 0.14 mmol) was added followed by acetoxyacetyl chloride (13 μL, 0.12 mmol). A slightly exothermic reaction occurred. This mixture as stirred at ambient temperature overnight. Additional triethylamine (46 μL, 0.33 mmol) was added followed by acetoxyacetyl chloride (30 μL, 0.22 mmol) and stirring continued at ambient temperature for 4 days. Concentration in the presence of silica, then column chromatography eluting with a step gradient of 20-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes in 5% increments every 3 minutes provided 2-(5-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl acetate (45 mg, 73%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 2.10 (s, 3H), 3.3 (s, 3H), 3.53 (d, 2H) 3.83 (t, 1H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 7.30 (m, 1H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 3H), 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.65 (m, 1H), 7.77-7.88 (m, 4H), 8.03 (m, 1H), 8.36, (m, 1H), 10.94 (s, 1H); ESI m/z measured 541.1646 [M+H]⁺. calculated 541.1643.

Example 22

N-(5-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-hydroxyacetamide. 2-(5-(7-Chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl acetate (20 mg, 0.04 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (0.5 mL) and water (0.1 mL), potassium carbonate was added and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. The crude mixture as partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, the layers were separated, and the organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, decanted, then concentrated in the presence of silica gel. Column chromatography eluting with a step gradient of 20-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes in 5% increments every 3 minutes provided N-(5-(7-chloro-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-2-hydroxyacetamide (8 mg, 43% yield). ESI m/z measured 521.1348 [M+H]⁺. calculated 521.1356.

Example 23

5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. 5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one was prepared following the procedure for the corresponding reaction in Example 12. 5-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (175 mg, 0.33 mmol) was then dissolved in anhydrous anisole (4 mL), aluminum chloride (263 mg, 1.98 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 85° C. for one hour. The solution was cooled to ambient temperature, poured onto ice, and ethyl acetate added then slurried for 10 minutes. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with sodium sulfate, decanted and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatography eluting with a gradient of 0-5% methanol in ethyl acetate provided 5-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (113 mg, 83% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO) δ 3.44 (m, 2H) 3.72 (m, 1H), 6.40 (m, 1H), 6.48 (s, 2H), 7.18-7.64 (m, 9H), 7.83 (m, 1H), 10.70 (s, 1H); ESI m/z measured 411.0783 [M+H]⁺. calculated 411.0779.

Example 24 Procedures for the Synthesis of 5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one Step 1

5-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine. The reaction was carried out according to the procedure described in Step 4 of Part I of Example 2 to provide the title compound (658 mg, 52% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.59 (s, 2H), 5.56 (bs, 1H), 1.32 (s, 12H).

Step 2

5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out according to the procedure described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound (360 mg, 43% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.16 (s, 2H), 7.57 (d, 1H), 7.45-7.08 (m, 6H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 6.63 (d, 2H), 5.62 (d, 1H), 5.30 (bs, 2H), 4.59 (d, 1H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.60 (m, 5H).

Step 3

5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. Ceric ammonium nitrate (201 mg, 2.6 eq) was added portionwise to a stirred solution of 5-(2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(2-chlorobenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (75 mg) in 9:1 acetonitrile:water (9 mL:1 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, and then another 200 mg of ceric ammonium nitrate was added. The reaction was stirred another 3 h, and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude was partitioned between EtOH and saturated potassium carbonate. The aqueous layer was re-extracted with ethanol 4×. The combined extracts were then dried over sodium sulfate, then concentrated and purified by chromatography (Gradient: 3:1 hexanes:EtOAc to EtOAc) yielding product (44 mg, 76% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ10.78 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 2H), 7.62 (d, 1H), 7.50-7.13 (m, 8H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.32 (m, 2H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₀H₁₅Cl₂N₅O [M+H]⁺, 412.0732. found, 412.0726.

Example 25 Procedures for the Synthesis of 5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(3,4-diethylbenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one

Part I: Synthesis of 4-(Bromomethyl)-1,2-diethylbenzene Synthetic Intermediate

4-(Bromomethyl)-1,2-diethylbenzene. 1,2-Diethylbenzene (3.4 g, 23.3 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (2.5 g, 84 mmol) were suspended in glacial acetic acid (60 mL), hydrobromic acid (38% in acetic acid, 8 mL) was added, the reaction flask was sealed with a rubber septum and heated to 80° C. After 4 hours the solution was cooled to ambient temperature and paraformaldehyde (2.5 g, 84 mmol) and hydrobromic acid (38% in acetic acid, 8 mL) were added. The mixture was reheated to 80° C. for 4 hours. Further paraformaldehyde (2.5 g, 84 mmol) and hydrobromic acid (38% in acetic acid, 8 mL) were and the reaction let stir at 80° C. overnight. After a total of 24 hours of reaction time the solution was cooled, diluted with water and diethyl ether, then the layers separated. The organic layers were washed carefully with saturated sodium bicarbonate (4×50 mL), brine, then dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in the presence of silica. Purified by column chromatography eluting with 100% hexanes. Concentrated fractions to a yield 4-(bromomethyl)-1,2-diethylbenzene (4.05 g, 77%) ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.21 (m, 6H) 2.64 (m, 4H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 7.1-7.2 (m, 3H).

Part II: Synthesis of Heteroaryl Boronic Acid Step 1

N,N-di-t-Butoxycarbonyl-5-bromopyrimidin-2-amine Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (5.52 g, 2.2 eq) was added to a solution of 2-amino-5-bromopyrimidine (2.0 g,) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (140 mg, 0.1 eq) in anhydrous THF (18 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere overnight. A few drops of water were then added to the reaction to quench it, and the crude was then concentrated and purified by chromatography (gradient: 95:5 hexanes:EtOAc to 80:20 hexanes:EtOAc) delivering the product (3.70 g, 86% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.78 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 18H).

Step 2

N,N-di-t-Butoxycarbonyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine. The reaction was carried out according to the procedure described in Step 4 of Part 1 of Example 2 to provide the title compound (2.23 g, 54% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (s, 2H), 1.44 (s, 18H), 1.38 (s, 12H), 1.25 (s, 12H).

Part III: Synthesis of 5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(3,4-diethylbenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one

Step 1

tert-Butyl 5-(7-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylcarbamate. The reaction was carried out according to the procedure for described in Part I of Example 1 to provide the title compound (320 mg, 14% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.64 (s, 2H), 7.45 (dd, 1H), 7.36 (d. 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, 2H), 6.65 (d, 2H), 5.50 (d, 1H), 4.90 (d, 1H), 4.65 (d, 1H), 3.80 (d, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 9H). MS (ES+) m/z 530.2 (M+Na).

Step 2

Bis-tert-butyl-5-(7-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl-bis-carbamate. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (158 mg, 1.2 eq) was added to a solution of tert-butyl 5-(7-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylcarbamate (306 mg) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (7.4 mg, 0.1 eq) in anhydrous THF (10 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere overnight. A few drops of water were then added to the reaction to quench it, and the crude was then concentrated and purified by chromatography (gradient; 9:1 hexanes:EtOAc to 6:4 hexanes:EtOAc) delivering the product pure (178 mg, 49% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.64 (s, 2H), 7.50-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.90 (d, 2H), 6.63 (d, 2H), 5.56 (d, 1H), 4.95 (d, 1H), 4.60 (d, 1H), 3.85 (d, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 18H).

Step 3

Bis-tert-butyl 5-(7-chloro-3-(3,4-diethylbenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl(methyl)-bis-carbamate. The starting material (178 mg) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and cooled to −78° C. Potassium t-butoxide (49.3 mg, 1.5 eq) was then added, and the deprotonation was allowed to evolve for 10 minutes. A solution of diethylbenzylbromide (100 mg, 1.5 eq) in THF (2 mL) was then added dropwise and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature where it was held for an hour. The reaction was quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride, partitioned between EtOAc and water, and then the organic solution was washed with brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was then concentrated onto silica gel and purified by chromatography (gradient: 15:85 EtOAc:hexanes to 60:40 EtOAc:hexanes) delivering the product which was taken on to the next reaction without purification. MS (ES+) m/z 776.3 (M+Na).

Step 4

5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(3,4-diethylbenzyl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The substrate was dissolved in 4 N HCl in dioxane and the reaction was held at room temperature for 2 days, then concentrated in vacuo delivering a mixture of product and an unidentified contaminant (20 mg, 12% yield). The crude was taken on to the next step without purification. MS (ES+) m/z 554.19 (M+1).

Step 5

5-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-chloro-3-(3,4-diethylbenzyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one. The reaction was carried out according to the deprotection procedure described in Step 3 of Example 24 above to provide the title compound (0.8 mg, 5% yield). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.08-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.48 (d, 1H), 7.35-7.00 (m, 6H), 5.30 (bs, 2H), 3.70 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.45 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.50 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.10 (m, 6H). HRMS (ES+) m/z calcd for C₂₄H₂₄ClN₅O [M+H]⁺, 434.1748. found, 434.1732.

Example 26

The compounds listed in Table 5 were tested for cytotoxicity in Ramos cells. The assay was conducted as described in K. M. Johnson et al. Chemistry & Biology 2005, 12, 485-496. The symbol “+++” indicates an EC₅₀≦5 μM, “++” indicates an EC₅₀ between 5 μM and 25 μM, and “+” indicates an EC₅₀≧25 μM.

TABLE 5 Compound Chemical Structure EC₅₀ Value V-1

+ V-2

++ V-3

+ V-4

++ V-5

+++ V-6

++ V-7

++ V-8

+++ V-9

+ V-10

+++ V-11

+++ V-12

++ V-13

+ V-14

+++ V-15

++ V-16

+++ V-17

++ V-18

++ V-19

++ V-20

++ V-21

++ V-22

+ V-23

+++ V-24

+++ V-25

++ V-26

+++ V-27

+++ V-28

+++ V-29

+++ V-30

+++ V-31

+++ V-32

++ V-33

++ V-34

++ V-35

++ V-36

++ V-37

++ V-38

+++ V-39

+++ V-40

++ V-41

++

Example 27

The compounds described herein can be tested for activity against various forms of cancer by testing for inhibition of cancer cell growth using in vitro assays. For example, compounds V-23 and V-38 (See Table 5 in Example 26) where tested for efficacy in inhibiting the growth of human cancer cells using the general procedure described below. The test evaluated compound activity for inhibiting cancer cell growth in over 50 cancer cell lines, which included non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, renal cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and cancer of the central nervous system tissue. Results from this test are shown in Table 6.

General Procedure for In Vitro Testing:

Human tumor cell lines are grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM L-glutamine. For the screening experiment, cells are inoculated into 96 well microtiter plates in 100 μL at plating densities ranging from 5,000 to 40,000 cells/well depending on the doubling time of individual cell lines. After cell inoculation, the microtiter plates are incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 95% air and 100% relative humidity for 24 h prior to addition of test compound.

After 24 h, two plates of each cell line are fixed in situ with TCA, to represent a measurement of the cell population for each cell line at the time of addition (Tz) of the test compound. The test compound is solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide at a concentration equal to twice the desired final maximum test concentration with complete medium containing 50 μg/ml gentamicin. Additional four, 10-fold or ½ log serial dilutions are made to provide a total of five concentrations of test compound plus control. Aliquots of 100 μL of these different test compound dilutions are added to the appropriate microtiter wells already containing 100 μL of medium, resulting in the required final concentrations of test compound.

Following addition of the test compound, the plates are incubated for an additional 48 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 95% air, and 100% relative humidity. For adherent cells, the assay is terminated by the addition of cold TCA. Cells are fixed in situ by the gentle addition of 50 μL of cold 50% (w/v) TCA (final concentration, 10% TCA) and incubated for 60 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant is discarded, and the plates are washed five times with tap water and air dried. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) solution (100 μL) at 0.4% (w/v) in 1% acetic acid is added to each well, and plates are incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. After staining, unbound dye is removed by washing five times with 1% acetic acid and the plates are air dried. Bound stain is then solubilized with 10 mM trizma base, and the absorbance is read on an automated plate reader at a wavelength of 515 nm. For suspension cells, the procedure is the same except that the assay is terminated by fixing settled cells at the bottom of the wells by gently adding 50 μL of 80% TCA (final concentration, 16% TCA). Using seven absorbance measurements [time zero, (Tz), control growth, (C), and test growth in the presence of drug at the five concentration levels (Ti)], the percentage growth is calculated at each of the drug concentrations levels.

The percentage of growth inhibition caused by the test compounds on the cancer cell lines can be calculated using the following formulae:

[(Ti−Tz)/(C−Tz)]×100 for concentrations for which Ti≧Tz

[(Ti−Tz)/Tz]×100 for concentrations for which Ti<Tz

Three dose response parameters can be calculated for each test compound. Growth inhibition of 50% (GI₅₀) is calculated from [(Ti−Tz)/(C−Tz)]×100=50, which is the drug concentration resulting in a 50% reduction in the net protein increase (as measured by SRB staining) in control cells during the drug incubation. The concentration of test compound resulting in total growth inhibition (TGI) is calculated from Ti=Tz. The LC₅₀ (concentration of drug resulting in a 50% reduction in the measured protein at the end of the drug treatment as compared to that at the beginning) indicating a net loss of cells following treatment is calculated from [(Ti−Tz)/Tz]×100=−50. Values are calculated for each of these three parameters if the level of activity is reached. However, if the effect is not reached or is exceeded, the value for that parameter is expressed as greater or less than the maximum or minimum concentration tested.

Results:

Cancer cell growth inhibition for compounds V-23 and V-38 (see Table 5 for compound structures) is provided below in Table 6. The symbol “+++” indicates administration of the test compound resulted in at least 75% growth inhibition of the cancer cells, “++” indicates that administration of the test compound resulted in 40%-75% growth inhibition of the cancer cells, “+” indicates administration of the test compound resulted in less than 40% growth inhibition of the cancer cells, “NT” indicates that the compound was not tested against this particular cell line, “−” indicates an apparent increase in cancer cell growth upon administration of the test compound.

TABLE 6 Panel/Cell One Compound V-23 Compound V-38 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549/ATCC +++ ++ EKVX +++ ++ HOP-62 +++ +++ HOP-92 ++ ++ NCI-H226 + ++ NCI-H23 ++ +++ NCI-H322M + + NCI-H460 +++ ++ NCI-H522 +++ ++ Colon Cancer COLO 205 ++ ++ HCC-2998 +++ +++ HCT-116 +++ +++ HCT-15 +++ ++ HT29 +++ + KM12 +++ +++ SW-620 +++ +++ Breast Cancer BT-549 +++ +++ HS 578T ++ + MCF7 +++ ++ MDA-MB-231/ATCC +++ + MDA-MB-435 +++ + MDA-MB-468 NT ++ NCI/ADR-RES + + T-47D ++ + Ovarian Cancer IGROV1 +++ +++ OVCAR-3 +++ +++ OVCAR-4 ++ ++ OVCAR-5 +++ + OVCAR-8 ++ + SK-OV-3 ++ + Leukemia CCRF-CEM ++ + HL-60(TB) +++ + K-562 +++ + MOLT-4 ++ + RPMI-8226 ++ + SR ++ − Renal Cancer 786-0 +++ +++ A498 + +++ ACHN +++ +++ CAKI-1 +++ + RXF 393 +++ +++ SN12C +++ ++ TK-10 +++ +++ UO-31 +++ +++ Melanoma LOXIMVI +++ +++ M14 +++ +++ MALME-3M +++ +++ SK-MEL-2 ++ ++ SK-MEL-28 +++ +++ SK-MEL-5 +++ +++ UACC-257 +++ +++ UACC-62 ++ +++ Prostate Cancer DU-145 +++ +++ PC-3 ++ + CNS Cancer SF-268 ++ +++ SF-295 +++ + SF-539 +++ +++ SNB-19 ++ ++ SNB-75 ++ +++ U251 +++ +++

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientific articles referred to herein is incorporated by reference for all purposes.

EQUIVALENTS

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein. 

1. A compound represented by formula I:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R₁ is halogen; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, —S(O)R₅, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —SO₂N(R₆)C(O)R₅, —N(R₆)SO₂R₅, —CN, —C(O)R₅, —CO₂R₅, —C(O)N(R₆)₂, —N(R₆)C(O)R₅, and monocarbocyclic aryl;

 quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, or naphthyridinyl; or R₄ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with: (i) a substituent selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆cycloalkenyl, monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, oxo, ketal, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁, —C₁-C₆alkylene-OH, —OC(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —OC(O)R₅, —N(R₆)SO₂R₁₀, —SO₂R₁₀, —SO₂N(R₁₀)₂, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, —N(R₂)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, and —OPO₃H₂; and (ii) a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, and hydroxyl; R₅ represents independently for each occurrence C₁-C₆alkyl; R₆ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl, or two occurrences of R₆ attached to the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen atom to form a C₃-C₇ heterocycloalkyl; R₇ is C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, halogen, amino, —N(R₆)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R₁₂, —O—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl, or —N(R₂)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl; R₈ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, or C₁-C₆alkoxy; R₉ represents independently for each occurrence halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, amino, hydroxyl, —C(O)R₁₀, —CO₂R₁₀, —C(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀, —N(R₁₀)CO₂R₁₁, —OC(O)N(R₁₀)₂, —N(R₆)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R₁₂, or —C₁-C₆alkylene-N(R₂)C(O)—C₁-C₆-alkyl; R₁₀ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl, or two occurrences of R₁₀ attached to the same nitrogen atom are taken together with the nitrogen atom to form a C₃-C₇ heterocycloalkyl; R₁₁ represents independently for each occurrence C₁-C₆alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl; R₁₂ represents independently for each occurrence —OR₂, —N(R₂)₂, —OC(O)R₁₁, or —N(R₂)C(O)R₁₁; n is 1 or 2; m is 0, 1, or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula I is R, S, or a mixture thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is chloro.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ is hydrogen.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₃ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, —SO₂R₅, —SO₂N(R₆)₂, —CN, and monocarbocyclic aryl. 6-7. (canceled)
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ is


9. The compound of claim 8, wherein R₇ is aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, azepanyl, pyrazolidinyl, or imidazolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, and —C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl. 10-11. (canceled)
 12. The compound of claim 9, wherein R₈ is hydrogen.
 13. (canceled)
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ is

15-21. (canceled)
 22. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by formula IA:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IA) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IA) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IA) is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, amino, or —N(R_(1-IA))C(O)—C₁-C₆alkylene-R_(4-IA;) R_(4-IA) represents independently for each occurrence —OR_(1-IA) or —OC(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl; n is 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IA is R, S, or a mixture thereof.
 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein R_(3-IA) is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl.
 24. The compound of claim 22, wherein R_(3-IA) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, and amino.
 25. The compound of claim 22, wherein R_(3-IA) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 26. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by formula IB:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IB) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IB) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IB) is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, and oxo; n is 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IB is R, S, or a mixture thereof.
 27. (canceled)
 28. The compound of claim 26, wherein R_(3-IB) is piperidinyl optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, and oxo.
 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by formula IC:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-IC) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-IC) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-IC) is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; m and n are independently 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula IC is R, S, or a mixture thereof.
 30. The compound of claim 29, wherein R_(2-IC) is naphthyl; or R_(2-IC) is phenyl substituted with halogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 31. The compound of claim 30, wherein n is 1, and R_(3-IC) is hydrogen.
 32. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is represented by formula ID:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R_(1-ID) represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; R_(2-ID) is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, and monocarbocyclic aryl; R_(3-ID) represents independently for each occurrence monocarbocyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, hydroxyl, amino, oxo, ketal, or —N(R₁₀)C(O)R₁₀; m and n are independently 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula ID is R, S, or a mixture thereof.
 33. A represented by formula II:

including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein: R₁ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C₁-C₆alkyl; R₂ represents independently for each occurrence chloro, bromo, or fluoro; R₃ is C₃-C₇heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, hydroxyl, amino, —N(R₁)C(O)—C₁-C₆alkyl, or —N(R₁)—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-(C₄-C₆)heterocycloalkyl; m and n are independently 1 or 2; and the stereochemical configuration at a stereocenter in a compound represented by formula II is R, S, or a mixture thereof.
 34. A compound in any one of Tables 1-5 herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 35. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 36. A method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of claim
 1. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the cancer is breast cancer, colon cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, melanoma, cancer of the central nervous system tissue, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, thyroid cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma, cutaneous B-Cell lymphoma, or diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma. 38-39. (canceled) 